Regional aerosol hygroscopicity influences radiative forcing globally

Aerosol hygroscopicity is a critical parameter for predicting radiative forcing and climate sensitivity, particularly under sub-saturated regimes where it drives complex aerosol–water interactions. Here, we show that externally mixed aerosols exert a stronger influence on direct radiative forcing than is currently represented in models. Incorporating our findings into radiative forcing calculations indicates a stronger aerosol cooling effect, especially at suburban sites, highlighting the importance of representing regional differences in mixing state. The conventional bulk-chemistry approach, which assumes volume-based mixing with limited spatial variability, exhibits low predictive performance for aerosol hygroscopicity (R²≈0.61) at urban and suburban sites. Using an interpretable machine learning framework trained on geographically diverse, region-specific datasets can capture this variability with higher accuracy (R²≈0.97), identifying key chemical compositional and mixing-state drivers.